Servant leadership is based on the idea that authority is more important than power, and that focus on empowering and uplifting others instead of personal gain is critical to everyone’s success. Akuchie suggested that the application of this lesson is for daily life. The following 12 characteristics of Servant-Leadership have been identified by Larry Spears, CEO of the Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership. What Is Servant Leadership Theory? The servant-leader concept continues to grow in its influence and impact. SHARE: The magnum opus of Robert Greenleaf, Servant Leadership is a recent theory of leadership that argues that the most effective leaders are servants of their people. Akuchie examined a single Bible passage related to servant leadership, just like the one mentioned in the opening of the essay. (2012). In servant leadership literature, the use of Social Learning Theory argues that servant leaders are influencing their followers, as their followers observe and emulate the leader’s positive behaviors. [25] Servant Leadership lessens the feeling of being "drained of inner resources", so employees experience an increase in Work-to-Family positive spillover (WFPS). Altruism is defined as the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others. The servant-leader shares power, puts the needs of others first and helps people develop and perform as highly as possible. [27][26][29][28], Similar to servant leadership having an effect on employees' stress levels, it also affects them emotionally as well. [4], Before the modern fad for the concept of "leadership" emerged,[5] the autocratic enlightened absolutist King Frederick II ("the Great") of Prussia (r. 1740–1786) famously portrayed himself as "the first servant of the state".[6]. Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy in which an individual interacts with others—either in a management or fellow employee capacity—with the aim of … The assumption is that if leaders focus on the needs and desires of followers, followers will reciprocate through increased teamwork, deeper engagement, and better performance. “True leadership must be for the benefit of the followers, not to enrich the leader.” From the "I serve" mentality come two premises: The first premise signifies the act of altruism. Furthermore, People often refer to servant leadership theory as weak because of the involvement of staff in problem-solving. Servant leadership practices appear to have an effect on the life of the employee, outside of the organizations that they are affiliated with. Researchers Barbuto and Wheeler created a dimension called "the natural desire to serve others," by combining the 10 characteristics of Spears. However, Servant Leaders being forgiving, and more importantly understanding, their employees are able to learn from their mistakes, hence their personal growth and changed behavior within the organization. [15] Servant leadership represents a model of leadership that is both inspirational and contains moral safeguards, and in their paper, Mulyadi Robin and Sen Sendjaya proposes that servant leadership serves as a holistic paradigm for leadership as not only is it transformative and ethical, but also engages followers in workplace spirituality.[16]. However, Akuchie did not, in any way, clarify servant leadership as distinct from other forms of leadership or articulate a framework for understanding servant leadership. Greenleaf was inspired by the menial servant Leo in Herman Hesse’s novel, The Journey to the East, who contrarily insists that ‘he who wishes to live long must serve, but he who wishes to rule does not live long.’ Servant-leaders are cross-boundary in their DNA. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! They also argued that the servant leader must be a teacher to develop their followers, and that values and core personal beliefs were the antecedents to servant leadership. Leadership experts such as Bolman, Deal, Covey, Fullan, Sergiovanni, and Heifitz also reference these characteristics as essential components of effective leadership. Servant leadership suggests that a leader not rely on their authority to get things done. According to previous research, servant leadership seems to have an effect on the emotional health of the employees because the servant leaders' reliance on "one-on-one communication to understand the abilities, needs, desires, goals, and potential of those individuals"[30] aids in the employees' ability to express themselves in the work place. Unlike many approaches to leadership, which offer suggestions on how top-level leaders can influence and motivate those further down the hierarchy, servant leadership puts its emphasis on collaboration, trust, empathy, and ethics. This framework specified the fundamentals to servant leadership and was consistent with Greenleaf's original message. Many of the problems have arisen from poor construct clarity, poor measurement, and poor design. [14] Researcher Patterson also developed a more spiritual conceptualization of servant leadership around leader values including: agapé love, humility, altruism, creating 21 visions for followers, being trusting, serving, and empowering their followers. 5, 6, 7, "Challenging and Critiquing Notions of Servant Leadership: Lessons from My Mother", "The Positive Relationship between Servant Leadership and Employees' Psychological Health: A Multi-Method Approach", International Journal of Servant-Leadership, Cairnway Center for Servant Leadership Excellence, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Servant_leadership&oldid=994308748, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 December 2020, at 01:47. © 2020 - David Burkus | Site by Out:think | Drop me a line: david@davidburkus.com, [otmg_register redirect="https://davidburkus.com/2010/04/servant-leadership-theory/" button_text="Sign Me Up!"]. No confirmatory analysis was performed, no criterion was posited to establish validity, and convergent/divergent validity was not established.[14]. One theorist, Larry Spears, outlined ten characteristics of servant leaders by analyzing the writings of Greenleaf. All the servants work well together, until one day when Leo disappears. However, Sendjaya and Sarros research work did not propose a testable framework nor did this work distinguish between this and other leadership styles. Many researchers and theorists argue that servant leaders can become so focused on the needs of their followers that the needs of the organization suffer as a result. 1 Iss. Likewise, Joe Iarocci, author of Servant Leadership in the Workplace, identifies three key priorities (developing people, building a trusting team, achieving results), three key principles (serve first, persuasion, empowerment) and three key practices (listening, delegating, connecting followers to mission) that distinguish servant leadership in the workplace context.[17]. Servant leadership is one of the more popular theories of leadership, especially among Christian leaders who vigorously cite Jesus as the penultimate example of servant leadership. In fact, we have witnessed an unparalleled explosion of interest and practice of servant-leadership … Sendjaya, Eva, Butar-Butar, Robin and Castles' (2019) [18] 6-item composite of the Servant Leadership Behavior Scale (SLBS-6) which uniquely contributes a spiritual dimension, a distinguishing feature that makes servant leadership a truly holistic leadership approach relative to other positive leadership approaches. They are entirely different from other traditional types of leaders who work and aim to achieve the goal of the company. The second premise of servant leadership is "I am the leader because I serve". These are by no means exhaustive. Servant leadership is a method of development for leaders. Bradley, Y. The Journal of Virtues & Leadership, Vol. We hope by heeding the advice offered in this review to resolve these problems, the servant leadership research can move forward and continue to offer significant insights to the leadership field over the next 20 years. [31] Some employees may have personalities and/or characteristics that may lead to them doing or saying things to their leader that is unacceptable. [1] Further research also confirms that servant leaders lead others to go beyond the call of duty. [20] In one such critique, Sendjaya and Sarros used the same Bible account as Akuchie, and made the claim that Jesus Christ, not Greenleaf, introduced the notion of servant leadership to everyday human endeavor. From a managerial perspective, the benefits of servant leadership are many. The "I serve" mentality is evident in politicians who define their role through public service. Servant leadership theory development talks about the concept and the model of this leadership style, however servant leadership measurement tried to … [14], Greenleaf's definition left much room for speculation because it lacks specifics. [1] Servant Leadership being practiced is said to decrease emotional exhaustion, which is the leading cause of employee burnout. James Sipe and Don Frick, in their book The Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership, state that servant-leaders are individuals of character, those who put people first, are skilled communicators, are compassionate collaborators, use foresight, are systems thinkers, and exercise moral authority. A servant leader prioritizes the team’s growth and well-being, letting their own needs and ambition take a backseat. These traits indicate one is a servant leader because, overall, they are causing the ones they serve to become healthier and wiser, guiding others toward self-improvement. That goes against the thinking that there are more people to serve the leader when they reach an … [32] Although Servant Leadership was proposed many years ago, it is still considered a "newer" theory among many other theories because of the switch in focus from the traditional leadership theories.[33]. [2] Because of this, employees begin to act as Servant Leaders themselves, and portray great commitment to the organizations where they see these behaviors and how they affect others around them. [15] The authors state: The review has demonstrated that the servant leadership field has made progress in the last 20 years, however, the field of servant leadership still has its critics. In contrast, Social Exchange Theory is used to argue that a servant leader's followers are exhibiting positive behaviors due to the reciprocal relationship they develop with their leader.[24]. The servant leadership theory puts an emphasis on facilitating the growth of people around you and serving the needs of others. [1] When put into practice, Servant Leadership has a positive effect on a sales person's turnover intentions because turnover is mainly associated with "the quality of the salesperson–supervisor relationship. As a servant leader, you're a "servant first" – you focus on the needs of others, especially team members, before you consider your own. A servant leadership puts the follower first in order to assist them in their career growth. Research shows that management style is a main factor in sales person turnover. Unlike every other leadership theory servant leadership stresses the importance of empowering followers by relinquishing control (Northouse, 2016). As in all theories of exemplary leadership, servant leaders grow the leadership capacity of followers – leaving them better off and better able to lead in the future. Our final theory to explore is servant leadership, which originated in the writings of Robert Greenleaf. [2] Leo was seen as a servant, but when the other servants realized that things fell apart without him, he became far more than just a servant to them. Despite several conceptual papers on the topic of servant leadership, there is no consensus on empirical research for the servant-leadership construct until a state-of-the-art review published in 2020 by Nathan Eva, Mulyadi Robin, Sen Sendjaya, Dirk van Dierendonck, and Robert C Liden [10] in the Leadership Quarterly. However, they serve to communicate the power and promise this concept offers. The servant leader will work hard to assess the current challenges, promote a vision of the future, engage the team, other managers and superiors. The servant leadership theory is focused on the idea that at the top of the hierarchy or system are the employees, and that a manager or leader’s top priority is to serve them. [2] As stated by its founder, Robert K. Greenleaf, a Servant Leader should be focused on, "Do those served grow as persons? In any case, Servant leadership theory has a place within the spectrum of leadership theory, as it represents the strongest emphasis on followers of any theory. However, the modern movement was born in a 1970 essay by Robert K. Greenleaf. The leader should be a servant first, leading from a desire to better serve others and not to attain more power. The researchers presented servant leadership as a hierarchical model in a cyclical process. There are also researchers such as Russell and Stone who reviewed the literature and proposed nine 'functional' attributes of servant leadership (vision, honesty, integrity, trust, service, modeling, pioneering, appreciation of others, and empowerment) and eleven 'accompanying' attributes (communication, credibility, competence, stewardship, visibility, influence, persuasion, listening, encouragement, teaching, and delegation). Servant leadership is often associated with Christian leadership and Christian leaders; however, the model is not limited to the Christian realm. [4] By doing this, Servant Leaders create a safe space where employees are able to be themselves and express how they are feeling, knowing that they can trust their leader to be non judgmental. [1], Servant leadership entered the arena of research in 1998[10] with the publication of the first peer-reviewed servant leadership scale, and since then, over 270 peer reviewed articles have been published across 122 academic journals. While traditional leadership generally involves the accumulation and exercise of power by one at the top of the pyramid, servant leadership is different. interesting to consider servant leadership in comparison with other, more established, leadership models. Since this leadership style came about, a number of different organizations have adopted this style as their way of leadership. Greenleaf believed the betterment of others to be the true intention of a servant leader: "I serve" in opposition of the traditional "I lead" mentality. [27] This outcome is expected because of the Servant Leader's main concern being the well being of their employees. Similar to other leadership experts, Spears believed that Servant Leaders should have these 10 traits: empathy, listening, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to the growth of people, and building community. [31] Acceptance in this case is the leader being okay with having different personalities, personal views, and values as their employees, and understanding that their employees aren't "perfect". [8][9], Greenleaf came to the realization that a newfound leader should be someone that servants or workers can relate to. In turn, this nurturing from their employer leads to them returning this same nurturing towards their co-workers and making the work place a suitable environment for the growth of the employees, as well as the production of good quality work to grow the organization. A servant leader embodies ten common characteristics. "[3] When leaders shift their mindset and serve first, they benefit as well as their employees in that their employees acquire personal growth, while the organization grows as well due to the employees growing commitment and engagement. If you want to learn even more about the future of remote work and how to lead your team from wherever you are, check out my new book Leading From Anywhere at the links below. [2] The employees also stay at the organization so that they can see and learn more from their employer. Instead of the people working to serve the leader, the leader exists to serve the people. The year 2008 was a significant year in servant leadership research with the publication of two seminal papers by Sen Sendjaya, James C Sarros, and Joseph C Santora[11] as well as Liden, Wayne, Zhao, and Henderson,[11] and the first publications using Ehrhart's (2004) measure. According to Ginny Boyum, Greenleaf proposed that servant leaders should serve first, make the needs of others their main priority, and find success and "power" in the growth of others; summarily, "A servant can only become a leader if a leader remains a servant". This work was exploratory in nature. They do not choose between opposing values. Greenleaf declares that servant leadership begins with the natural feeling of wanting to serve first. Hence Greenleaf's idea of what a servant leader should be. Researcher Polleys distinguished servant leadership from three predominant leadership paradigms: The Trait, Behavioral, and Contingency approaches to leadership. The act of leadership is in the context of serving others and to serve others. Greenleaf believed leaders have a social responsibility to care for the disenfranchised and to serve first; he proposes shifting power to those who are being led. One major extension was Larry Spear's 10 characteristics of the Servant Leader. In his 1970 essay “The Servant as a Leader,” he described servant leadership like this: “The servant-leader is servant first… It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first.” Servant leadership flips the typical leadership script by putting people ahead of power. 1, 2010, 25-30. In that essay, Greenleaf emphasized that the servant leader is first and foremost a servant. [3] Having their employer cater to their needs, in conjunction with supportive co-workers and staff, aids in lowering stress levels, which produces the desire to go home and cater to their family’s needs. [14], In their review of the servant leadership literature, Eva, Robin, Sendjaya, van Dierendonk and Liden argued that for research, servant leadership should be defined as "an (1) other-oriented approach to leadership (2) manifested through one-on-one prioritizing of follower individual needs and interests, (3) and outward reorienting of their concern for self towards concern for others within the organization and the larger community. [29] However, studies have shown that Servant Leadership's "bottom-up" style, or prioritizing the needs of the employees first, causes employees to be more engaged in their work in that they feel like they have social support from their leader as well as their colleagues. However, this conceptualization made by these researchers did not differ from leadership theories such as transformational leadership. Proposed by Robert K. Greenleaf in 1970, the servant leadership theory defines a form of leadership where the leader’s primary role is to be of service to others first. Servant leaders get results for their organization through whole-hearted attention to their followers and followers’ needs. [3] In addition, Servant Leadership being the foundation of organizations is said to lead to employees having positive experiences and satisfaction in the work place, which in turn leads to " a transfer of positive experiences from the work role to the family role". Similarly, researcher Akuchie explored the religious and spiritual articulations of the servant leadership construct. According to a 2002 study done by Sen Sendjaya and James C Sarros, servant leadership is being practiced in some of the top-ranking companies, and these companies are highly ranked because of their leadership style and following. [27] With this trait, studies have shown that servant leaders have the ability to influence their employees to achieve their own goals as well as their work goals due to their leaders empowerment, and this plays a major role in their continued success and growth. An organizational justice perspective", "Regulatory focus as a mediator of the influence of initiating structure and servant leadership on employee behavior", "Development of the School Principals' Servant Leadership Behaviors Scale and Evaluation of Servant Leadership Behaviors According to Teachers' Views", "Looking Back to Look Forward: Lessons for Leadership Development", Servant Leadership in the Workplace: A Brief Introduction (Atlanta: Cairnway, 2017), chs. [25] This decreased emotional exhaustion also leads to stronger marital relationships. Servant leadership stresses the importance of the role a leader plays as the steward of the resources of the group, and teaches leaders to serve others while still achieving the goals set forth by the business. These researchers developed operational definitions and scales to measure 11 potential characteristics of servant leadership. In other words, this begins with a rooted ambition to be leader or personal ambitions of a leader. Namely, as there are still lingering questions the conceptual and empirical overlap between servant leadership and transformational, ethical and authentic leadership and there are criticisms about how much the existing research in this field can tell us as it is restricted by its own limitations in research design. Robert K. Greenleaf first coined the phrase "servant leadership" in his 1970 essay, "The Servant as a Leader." Sign up once and get access for life. There are a million of these… Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. [31] They also create a psychological ethical climate. Servant leadership requires leaders to place the needs of others over their own self-interests. Numerous different researchers and leadership experts have created scales and dimensions to differentiate between the levels of Servant Leadership practices as well as evaluate Servant Leadership behaviors. [2] According to Kashyap and Rangnekar, Servant Leadership molds organizations and builds a positive image for the organization. In contrast, Social Exchange Theory is used to argue that a servant leader's followers are exhibiting positive behaviors due to the reciprocal relationship they develo… They argued that this leadership principle was so important to Christianity that it was captured by all four Gospel writers (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John). [citation needed] Larry Spears, CEO of the Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, stated in an interview: "Greenleaf credited his reading of Hesse's 1932 book, Journey to the East, as the personal source of inspiration in his coining the term, 'servant-leader' in his 1970 essay, The Servant as Leader. Robert K. Greenleaf first popularized the phrase "servant leadership" in "The Servant as Leader", an essay published in 1970. In addition to some early definitions and distinct characteristics of Servant Leaders, researchers and leadership experts have used research to add on to these. leadership authors and advocates of servant leadership. His second major essay, "The Institution as Servant," unequivocally reinforced that point. Ambition to be what they are affiliated with according to Northouse ( 2016 ), 67–83 importance. Things done lacks specifics a direct effect on the growth and well-being, letting their own needs and take! 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