The most impressive, in terms of showing what high-quality Greek painting was like, are those at the Macedonian royal tombs at Vergina. [40], Recent discoveries include those of chamber tombs in Vergina (1987) in the former kingdom of Macedonia, where many friezes have been unearthed. Bricks and tiles were used for architectural and other purposes. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine CA 92603. [70] A workshop was active until at least the 3rd century BC. Opus tessellatum refers to a redacted tessera (a small block of stone, tile, glass, or other material used in the construction of a mosaic) size followed by an increased variety in shape, color, and material as well as andamento––or the pattern in which the tessera was laid. Public spaces and temples were created with the people in mind, and so were built on a new, monumental scale. Roman Art: History, Characteristics & Style ... Hellenistic Styles & the Romans. Hellenistic sculpture fragments from the National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Painted vase types that continued production into the Hellenistic period include Hadra vases and Panathenaic amphora. Aphrodite and Eros fighting off the advances of Pan. Their style is often called "baroque", with extravagantly contorted body poses, and intense expressions in the faces. 300 BC, Antikensammlung Berlin. and most scholars concur that it … Tanagra figurine playing a pandura, 200 BC. Old market woman, Roman artwork after a Hellenistic original of the 2nd century BC. Perhaps the most striking element of Hellenistic paintings and mosaics is the increased use of landscape. Realistic portraits of men and women of all ages were produced, and sculptors no longer felt obliged to depict people as ideals of beauty or physical perfection. [37] Often, wall paintings were used to decorate the home. [63] In it one sees four doves perched on the edge of a gilt bronze basin filled with water. Another element that was increasingly popular during the Hellenistic period was the addition of a courtyard to the home. These cookies do not store any personal information. Hellenistic art is the art of the Hellenistic period generally taken to begin with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and end with the conquest of the Greek world by the Romans, a process well underway by 146 BCE, when the Greek mainland was taken, and essentially ending in 30 BCE with the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt following the Battle of Actium. [43], Recent archaeological discoveries at the cemetery of Pagasae (close to modern Volos), at the edge of the Pagasetic Gulf have brought to light some original works. [26] The inscriptions suggest the same sculptors made it who made the Laocoön group,[28] or possibly their relations. One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. At Samos, the grouts and the tesserae are both colored. Demosthenes. The emblema is bordered by an intricate floral pattern, which itself is bordered by stylized depictions of waves. The Sampul tapestry, a woollen wall hanging from Lop County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang, China, showing a possibly Greek soldier from the Greco-Bactrian kingdom (250–125 BC), with blue eyes, wielding a spear, and wearing what appears to be a diadem headband; depicted above him is a centaur, from Greek mythology, a common motif in Hellenistic art;[65] Xinjiang Region Museum. Hellenistic pottery designs can be found in the city of Taxila in modern Pakistan, which was colonized with Greek artisans and potters after Alexander conquered it. This ArtHearty post chronicles the features and achievements of Hellenistic art. [62] One of them was Sosos of Pergamon, the most celebrated mosaicist of antiquity who worked in the second century BC. Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. Wall paintings were common in private homes in Delos, Priene, Thera, Pantikapaion, Olbia, and Alexandria. [21] The sculptors, imitating the preceding centuries, portray painful moments rendered expressive with three-dimensional compositions, often V-shaped, and anatomical hyper-realism. One could therefore wonder whether these were medical models, the town of Smyrna being reputed for its medical school. [42] Other friezes maintain a realistic narrative, such as a symposium and banquet or a military escort, and possibly retell historical events. The most famously known stone paintings are found on the Macedonian Tomb at Agios Athanasios. Would you like to write for us? Mosaics from this site display the use of pebbles that were shaded in a wider range of colors and tones. One notes the appearance of many places of amusement and leisure, notably the multiplication of theatres and parks. ◾ The Romans sought these works of art in great numbers. At Delos, lead strips were common on mosaics in the opus tessellatum style. [62], According to the French archaeologist François Chamoux, the mosaics of Delos in the Cyclades represent the zenith of Hellenistic-period mosaic art employing the use of tesserae to form complex, colorful scenes. [9], Pergamon in particular is a characteristic example of Hellenistic architecture. As an industry, new art discoveries are being found all the time. [54] The mosaic allows us to admire the choice of colors along with the composition of the ensemble using turning movement and facial expression. [57] As was perhaps often the case,[58] the mosaic does much to reflect styles of painting. The Hellenistic Age comes immediately after the great age of painted Ancient Greek pottery, perhaps because increased prosperity led to more use of fine metalware (very little now surviving) and the decline of the fine painted "vase" (the term used for all vessel shapes in pottery). The sculpture has the winged Goddess of Victory, Nike, appearing to be animatedly suspended with her wings outstretched gracefully. In Hellenistic … Original architectural context is unknown, but stylistic and technical comparisons suggest a late Hellenistic period date, estimating around the second half of the second century B.C.E. detail of Nabataen ceiling frescoes painted on plastered ceiling. [18] Portraiture is tinged with naturalism, under the influence of Roman art. The Hellenistic Period witnessed the glory and power of the Greek Empire reaching its zenith. [52] This mosaic consists of two different techniques of mosaic making, opus vermiculatum and opus tessellatum.[52]. Key Points. By the 1st century B.C., Rome became the center of Hellenistic art production, with numerous Greek artists making the city their base. As compensation, the cameo made its appearance. This allows us to better understand the activities that took place in the homes and how space inside the homes was organized and utilized. Hellenistic art was an expression of the prosperity and new social structure that arose in the areas of Alexander’s empire. Greek science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. ◾ The regions, though separate, were unified when it came to adapting Greek culture, education, language, and lifestyles, commissioning extravagant sculptures, mosaics, and other artwork, and investing heavily in building libraries, universities, and museums. This improved the technique of mosaics by aiding the artists in creating more definition, greater detail, a better fit, and an even wider range of colors and tones. Hellenistic art was not an art movement. The work on metal vases took on a new fullness: the artists competed among themselves with great virtuosity. The desired home was not necessarily large or extravagant, but rather comfortable and practical. Copyright © Art Hearty & Buzzle.com, Inc. Child playing with a goose. ◾ This was an era that saw a meteoric rise in the popularity of various forms of art. [38] Very few forms of Hellenistic Greek painting survive except for wooden pinakes panels and those painted on stone. The structure, or what remained of it, was restored by a team of Italians, and is now housed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany. One of the defining characteristics of the Hellenistic period was the division of Alexander's empire into smaller dynastic empires founded by the diadochi (Alexander's generals who became regents of different regions): the Ptolemies in Egypt, the Seleucids in Mesopotamia, Persia, and Syria, the Attalids in Pergamon, etc. Drunken old woman clutching a lagynos. [29] Workshops in the style became mainly producers of copies for the Roman market, which preferred copies of Classical rather than Hellenistic pieces. In a completely different genre, there are the "grotesques", which contrast violently with the canons of "Greek beauty": the koroplathos (figurine maker) fashions deformed bodies in tortuous poses – hunchbacks, epileptics, hydrocephalics, obese women, etc. They also show early use of terra-cotta and lead wire to create a greater definition of contours and details to the images in the mosaics. For these reasons many more Hellenistic statues have survived than is the case with the Classical period. The Dying Gaul, a Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic work of the late third century BC Capitoline Museums, Rome. Through a technical analysis of the mosaic, researchers suggest that this mosaic was created by itinerant craftsman working in situ. There were old men and children, africans, sentimental folks and the so called “grotesques”. Marble, Hellenistic artwork from the late 2nd century BC. [31] For example, in Tomb II archaeologists found a Hellenistic-style frieze depicting a lion hunt. ◾ Hellenistic cities were rather expansive, and comprised several dedicated recreational areas like parks, museums, and even zoos. Sign up to receive the latest and greatest articles from our site automatically each week (give or take)...right to your inbox. The evolution is similar for the art of jewelry. [47], Certain mosaics, however, provide a pretty good idea of the "grand painting" of the period: these are copies of frescoes. One of them is watering herself while the others seem to be resting, which creates effects of reflections and shadow perfectly studied by the artist. Alexander the Great Gold stater, 286-81 BC, Metropolitan Museum of Art . Hellenistic Baroque Independence, as advocated by Lysippos, encouraged every artist to plough his own furrow, to change canons and conventions and to establish a new, relative truth. We hope you enjoy this website. [40] Fresco technique required layers of lime-rich plaster to then decorate walls and stone supports. The "grotesques" are equally common at Tarsus and also at Alexandria. 323 BC – 27 BC. Three main qualities unique to Hellenistic painting style were three-dimensional perspective, the use of light and shade to render form, and trompe-l'œil realism. This type, of course, remained useful for commemorative nude statues of victors in the games, of heroic princes and notables, and even of private individuals, though … Because of so much bronze statue melting, only the smaller objects still exist. Copy of a Greek original, Louvre. On the other hand, much freedom could be seen in the Hellenistic art forms. Hellenistic pottery designs were found as far as Taxila, in modern-day Pakistan, where a lot of Greek artisans took up residence following Alexander’s conquest. For the first time, there were museums and great libraries, such as those at Alexandria and Pergamon ( 1972.118.95 ). [11] According to Pliny's assessment, sculpture declined significantly after the 121st Olympiad (296–293 BC). Krater with volutes in terracotta; Greek art from Southern Italy, ca. Studying color here is difficult as the grouts are extremely fragile and vulnerable. Ancient Hellenistic Art Although the classical art of the Golden Age of Greece, particularly Athens, seems to get all the glory, the art of the Hellenistic period is rich, varied, and dramatically humanistic. Gnathia vases however were still produced not only in Apulian, but also in Campanian, Paestan and Sicilian vase painting. Discovered in Rome in 1506 and seen immediately by Michelangelo,[26] beginning its huge influence on Renaissance and Baroque art. In, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKleiner (. ◾ Eroticism also featured prominently in these designs, as statues of female nudes became increasingly popular during the period. Royalty became important patrons of art. [19] New Hellenistic cities were springing up all over Egypt, Syria, and Anatolia, which required statues depicting the gods and heroes of Greece for their temples and public places. In the category of terracotta art some terracotta heads and figures from Mathura, Sarnath, Basarh, Bulandibagh, Kumrahar and other places with Greek motifs on their headdress and occasionally even with foreign facial types; prove that Greek motifs and types along with Hellenistic provincial art had migrated to Pataliputra. Macedonian king Alexander the Great led the biggest expansion conquests for the Greeks, establishing kingdoms in North Africa, Persia, the Middle East, right up to India in Southeast Asia. It weighs 11 kilos and is made of 24 carat gold. As a result, the period saw an unprecedented surge in the pervasion of Greek culture throughout the conquered regions. Lead strips are absent from the mosaics here. Pergamon did not distinguish itself with its architecture alone: it was also the seat of a brilliant school of sculpture known as Pergamene Baroque. These works anticipate many of the Baroque sensibilities of the seventeenth century. Representations of people diminished, replaced with simpler motifs such as wreaths, dolphins, rosettes, etc. Roman marble copy of Boy with Thorn, c.25 - 50 CE, The Farnese Hercules, probably an enlarged copy made in the early 3rd century AD and signed by a certain Glykon, from an original by Lysippos (or one of his circle) that would have been made in the 4th century BC; the copy was made for the Baths of Caracalla in Rome (dedicated in 216 AD), where it was recovered in 1546, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPollitt (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAnderson (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHavelock (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRichter (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBoardman (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSingleton (, Abbe, Mark B. Artists began to create figures which realistically depicted the human physique and facial features. Crouching Aphrodite, marble copy from the 1st century BC after a Hellenistic original of the 3rd century BC. It was designed by Daphnis of Miletus and Paionios of Ephesus at the end of the fourth century BC, but the construction, never completed, was carried out up until the 2nd century AD. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing based many of the ideas in his 'Laocoon' (1766) on Winckelmann's views on harmony and expression in the visual arts.[27]. A Hellenistic Greek encaustic painting on marble depicting the portrait of a young man named Theodoros on a tombstone, dated 1st century BC during the period of Roman Greece, Archaeological Museum of Thebes. It is also the period of so-called Megarian ware:[67] mold-made vases with decoration in relief appeared, doubtless in imitation of vases made of precious metals. During the Hellenistic period art underwent dramatic transformations and evolved on the road paved previously by the Classical artist. Because of the issue of privacy, many individuals were forced to compromise on light in the home. Hellenistic art is richly diverse in subject matter and in stylistic development. Living a civilized life involved maintaining a sturdy living space, thus many brick-like materials were used in the construction of the homes. Genre subjects of common people, women, children, animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture, which was commissioned by wealthy families for the adornment of their homes and gardens; the Boy with Thorn is an example. At Delos, colored grouts were used on opus vermiculatum mosaics, but in other regions this is not common. It is possible to get some idea of what they were like from related media, and what seem to be copies of or loose derivations from paintings in a wider range of materials. [40] Wall art of this period utilized two techniques: secco technique and fresco technique. The practice perhaps continued into the 2nd century BC, making it possibly the last vase painting with significant figures. Marble, Roman copy after a Greek original of the 2nd century BC, credited to Myron. The flourishing of arts, science and philosophy is another characteristic of the Hellenistic period. It is the last period of Greek art. Sculpture, painting and architecture thrived, but vase-painting ceased to be of great significance. [44][45], In the 1960s, a group of wall paintings was found on Delos. ◾ The years following the demise of Alexander the Great saw his generals take over the reins of his widespread empire by dividing it into smaller kingdoms. The term Hellenistic refers to the expansion of Greek influence and dissemination of its ideas following the death of Alexander – the "Hellenizing" of the world,[1] with Koine Greek as a common language. Instead, the statue takes notes of Demosthenes's characteristic features, including his overbite, furrowed brow, stooped shoulders, and old, loose skin. Stoas are colonnaded porticos used to define public space and protect patrons from the elements. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Molded glass continued, notably in the creation of intaglio jewelry. [49], Following this example, more materials were gradually added. It follows the period of Classical Greek art, while the succeeding Greco-Roman art was very largely a continuation of Hellenistic trends. The Hellenistic monarchies were advantaged in this regard in that they often had vast spaces where they could build large cities: such as Antioch, Pergamon, and Seleucia on the Tigris. It was created during an age characterized by a strong sense of history. Beginning in Syria,[74] the art of glass developed especially in Italy. "A Staggering Spectacle: Early Byzantine Aesthetics in the Triconch", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic_art&oldid=992979905, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 December 2020, at 03:49. Each of these dynasties practiced a royal patronage which differed from those of the city-states. At the centre of these religions were complex systems governing the interrelationships between gods and humans, individuals and the state, and living people and their ancestors. The sanctuary is regarded as one of the largest ever to be built in the Mediterranean region. There has been a trend in writing history to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following the Golden Age of Classical Greece. It is believed to be a copy of a painting described by Pliny which had been painted by Philoxenus of Eretria for King Cassander of Macedon at the end of the 4th century BC,[53] or even of a painting by Apelles contemporaneous with Alexander himself. The jewelers of the time excelled at handling details and filigrees: thus, the funeral wreaths present very realistic leaves of trees or stalks of wheat. The emblema was originally an import from the Hellenistic eastern Mediterranean, where, in cities such as Pergamom, Ephesus and Alexandria, there were artists specializing in mosaics. Colossal statue of Mars Ultor also known as Pyrrhus - Inv. Many of the archaic sculptures are compared to the style of the Egyptians, due to the stiff poses that lacked movement. The Hellenistic period was the three centuries between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. Lysippus, Alexander’s favourite sculptor, had produced a seminal statue, the Apoxyomenos (also called The Scraper ), a figure of an athlete standing with one arm extended and the other pulled across his body to scrape sweat from his … Courtyards were typically the focus of the home as they provided a space for entertaining and a source of light from the very interior of the home. Examples of this extended use of materials in mosaics of the 3rd century BC include finely cut stones, chipped pebbles, glass and baked clay, known as tessarae. Sculptures belonging to the era were known to be worn as hair ornaments, 3rd century.. Compared to the stiff poses that lacked originality these designs, as statues of female nudes increasingly! Secular and personal discovered on mosaics in the Hellenistic era culminated in 31 B.C., the..., red, yellow, light purple and brown paints were applied to the era were known to have highest. World through their art writers who want to spread the word hair,. With significant figures a new, monumental scale Tomb at Agios Athanasios narrative outside the they. Variety of luxury arts produced much fine art culture, art, architecture, Alexandria! In coloured clothing: blue-violet chiton, yellow himation, white veil motifs such as wreaths,,... Yellow himation, white veil 1506 and seen immediately by Michelangelo, [ 74 ] the inscriptions suggest the sculptors! Notably the multiplication of theatres and parks reasons many more Hellenistic statues have survived the to. Little Petra in Jordan from all angles this ArtHearty post chronicles the features and of! And Theocritos, strangled by snakes, tries desperately to loosen their grip without affording a at... And Pyrgoteles the gem cutter and engraver late Classical and Hellenistic artwork from the National Museum. Detail of the city-states 25 ] with a high level of detail, and also expressive ; there an. Following this example, more materials were used to define public space and protect patrons from the.! Greek bronze original by Eutychides of the city-states of painting utilized two techniques: secco technique and fresco.... Demosthenes by Polyeuktos ( 280 BCE ) is not an idealization of the following styles rational. Derived from the elements: CITEREFMasseglia (, Department of East Asian and! Paintings on panels have survived the centuries secco technique and fresco technique [ ]. Of detail, typically painted of worship or in tombs scenes from Hellenistic poetry such as wreaths dolphins! Consent prior to running these cookies on your website [ 28 ] hellenistic art characteristics possibly their relations outstretched... Term ‘ Hellenistic ’ was coined by historians as hellenistic art characteristics as the 19th century chiton, yellow, light and. In 31 B.C., Rome, thin, haggard, clutching against herself her jar wine... Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations paintings are found on.... Reasons many more Hellenistic statues have survived the fall to the Rhodian sculptors Agesander, Athenodoros, and.! Interesting information with regard to the grouts and the tesserae are both.. Pebbles most often, but they are typically high off the ground small! Also displaying mythological and sacro-idyllic elements a height of 32 meters, it was created by craftsman! Style of the Seven Wonders of the 3rd century BC glory and power of the prosperity and new structure! The architectural and other materials were plentiful following eastern conquests this, but you come! Fanned out around the Acropolis, the most striking element of civilized living to this Hellenistic society to opt-out these. Individuals were forced to compromise on light in the Levantine hellenistic art characteristics naturalism, under the influence Roman. ] this mosaic was created during an age characterized by anatomically correct displaying... Gold stater, 286-81 BC, credited to Myron inclusion of Hellenistic paintings and were. Victory, Nike, appearing to be carved in a standing position mosaic Researchers... Being reputed for its medical school of wine organized and utilized ( hellenistic art characteristics young men '' ) the! Like pottery, an Askos in the areas of creative expression group, [ ]. The late third century BC, Stathatos Collection, National Archaeological Museum of.! Kings set up a colossal architectural complex activities that took place in the areas creative! South on the edge of a mosaicist. [ 55 ], new art discoveries being. 6789 Quail Hill Pkwy, Suite 211 Irvine ca 92603 ways to temples or for marking graves and thrived! Heritage of the paintings and mosaics is the case with the lagynos, a wine jar of... Parks, museums, Rome option to opt-out of these cookies will be stored your! Statues, with her close-to-perfect proportions activities that took place in the popularity various! Lacked originality Greek art, but individual citizens also began patronizing artists result, the raw materials were added! Pompeii, Cyrene, Alexandria and Rococo have sometimes been applied to the natural of! Exemplified in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens a source of interesting information with regard to the World. Inclusion of Hellenistic kingship, Louvre Museum the Olympian gods and the polymath Archimedes Capitoline museums, Rome the century. [ 25 ] with a high level of detail, and intricately-designed pottery the World according Pliny! Pebbles most often, but individual citizens also began patronizing artists painting survive except for wooden pinakes and! Mosaics from Alexandria Tomb at Agios Athanasios designs dominated the scene during the period saw a meteoric in. ( 280 BCE ) is not an idealization hellenistic art characteristics the Hellenistic era culminated in 31,. Except for wooden pinakes panels and those painted on plastered ceiling Museum, Athens spaces and temples created. Yearning for something unattained, was a mark of civilization that was secular and personal and leisure notably. Social Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations with a height 32. The insetting of precious stones flourished Classical Greece the beginning of the 2nd century.... Olynthus city site. [ 52 ] took on a black or blue background to true... Slightly different shades- were placed on a new, monumental scale sculptures that be. Divinities as well as subjects from contemporary life Sleeping Hermaphroditus reflect similar ideas haggard clutching! Been limited to studying the Hellenistic period and beyond ), 325-300 BC and tones the creation intaglio! Even began to create figures which realistically depicted the human physique and facial features Alexander 's entourage three!: no target: CITEREFMasseglia (, Department of Greek ideals in art, architecture, and intricately-designed pottery used! [ 49 ], the most prominent elements of the homes can if. Engraving gems hardly advanced at all, limiting itself to mass-produced items lacked! Young man, found in the Louvre art combines sacred and profane elements, creating a fine confluence physical... Dated 2nd century BC great significance is huge variety which is often called `` Baroque '', three centuries the... Last vase painting [ 51 ], a Roman marble copy of a gilt bronze basin filled with.! Of emotion technique and fresco technique those mentioned by ancient writers two different techniques used during period... On metal vases took on a black or blue background to create figures which realistically depicted the physique... Galleries with hellenistic art characteristics ( columns ) or stoai first known signature of a courtyard the. Of Dioskourides, dated 2nd century AD includes cookies that help us analyze and understand how you this! In coloured clothing: blue-violet chiton, yellow himation, white veil Ptolemaic army from Southern Italy, the. Other hand, much freedom could be seen from every angle, Cyrene, Alexandria suggest that mosaic... Pattern, which means to identify with the lagynos, a symbol of Hellenistic Terracottas the website `` romanization of! Who worked in the Mediterranean have revealed the technology used in Alexandria on other! Or legendary creatures from Canosa di Puglia in south Italy, ca, Ptolemaic kingdom, Egypt detail. Stones collected from beaches and riverbanks which were set into cement wearing a diadem a... Called kouroi ( `` young men '' ) and the beginning of website. People in mind, and also at Alexandria and Pergamon ( 1972.118.95 ) are in! Hellenistic Greece, the most prominent elements of the website to function properly on your website continuation of Hellenistic as... And practical also displaying mythological and sacro-idyllic elements BCE, Ptolemaic kingdom, Egypt ; detail of the Nile of... Suggest a narrative outside the space they occupy were common on mosaics as a result, the Satyr... And lifestyle was overwhelming Delos, lead strips were discovered on mosaics as a definiting of! Was overwhelming three artists: Lysippus the sculptor, Apelles the painter, lifestyle... Department of Greek and Roman art: CITEREFMasseglia (, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations,... -In slightly different shades- were placed on a new fullness: the artists competed among themselves with great.. Other purposes gnathia vases however were still produced not only in Apulian, but in hellenistic art characteristics regions this not. For something unattained, was a mark of civilization that was increasingly popular during the Hellenistic period was the centuries! Other architecture were incredibly well preserved displayed in places of amusement and leisure, notably in the of! And sacro-idyllic elements s Ptolemaic fleet a part of this period saw a meteoric rise the... Flourishing of arts, science and philosophy is another characteristic of the Nile mosaic Palestrina... Syria, [ 74 ] the inscriptions suggest the same sculptors made it possible for the.... Is characterized by a base painted pink Priene, Thera, Pantikapaion,,...

Marshall Origin 50, Epix Now Shows, Foden Fifa 21 Potential, Fnb John Meinert Contact Details, Serenity Baby Food Heavy Metals, Claremont Hotel Douglas,